Europe-Political+Organization

​ The political organization of Europe consistes of many political parties. "Austria's political parties consist of  The first elections for for austria were held in February 1919 they were won by the Social Democrats. In March 1919, the Social Democrat Karl Renner entered a coalition with the Christian Social Party. Karl Renner became State Chancellor, Minister of Interiors and Minister of Education. The Social Democratic Workers’ Party which was founded at the Hainfeld Party Congress at the turn of 1888/1889 under the decisive influence of the physician Viktor Adler introduced and implemented a socio-political programme which proved to be very successful at first on the federal level and later on particularly in Vienna. The new social legislation introduced then and partly still in force until today included unemployment benefits, an eight-hour working day and a law regulating the workers' right to a paid holiday. Among the most important changes introduced by the Social Democrats in Vienna were public health care provisions, social services, education and housing. The housing projects implemented by the Social Democrats in Vienna between 1919 and 1934 opened up housing for approximately 220,000 people. []
 * The Social Democrate

Germany's political party that was known of world wide was the Nazi party. It was led by Adalf Hitler from 1939-1943. It is not very often that a political party such as this is elected into office. Most times they are write ins and enough voters have to vote for them to go above the count for other, well known parties. During Hitler's rule we really only think about what he did that was well known world-wide; the incarceration of the Jewish community in Germany and in other parts of Europe.

The Treaty on Europan Union was officaily signed on July 29, 1992. It is also known as the Treaty of Maastricht for having been signed in that Dutch town, constitutes a turning point in the European integration process. By Modifying the previous treaties -Paris, Rome and Single European Act-, the initial economic objective of the Community, building a common market, was outstripped and, for the first time, a distinctive vocation of political union was claimed. The Treaty is structured based on three pillar, according to the artificial parlance created by those who devised and edited it. The metaphor used refers to a TEU made up as an Greek temple sustained by three pillars: > The first pillar, the central one, alludes to the Community dimension and comprises the arrangements set out in the EC, ECSC and Euratom Treaties, i.e. Union citizenship, Community policies, Economic and Monetary Union, etc. community pillarintergovernmental cooperation pillarsCommissionEuropean ParliamentCourt of Justice As far as the second pillar is concerned, the Common foreign and security policy (CFSP) allows to undertake common actions in foreign policy. The European Council, where decisions must be adopted unanimously, agrees the principles and general orientations of the CFSP. The Treaty on European Union raised Western European Union (WEU) to the rank of an //integral part of the development of the Union// and commissioned it the mission of elaborating and implementing decisions and actions with defence implications.  The raw reality, in the form of the conflict in former Yugoslavia (Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo) has shown that, unfortunately, the construction of a UE Common Foreign and Security Policy was still a long term objective. USA and NATO went on being the main actors in defence affairs, and the European States have still a very weak political will and capacity to carry out their own policy.  The third pillar is based on Police and judicial cooperation (PJC) in criminal matters as terrorism, illegal immigration, asylum policy, drugs traffic, international crime, etc. <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">The foundation of the <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Europol (European Police Office), embryo of a future European police, was one of the most outstanding changes in this sphere. It is also necessary to point out that in 1990 the denominated <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Schengen Convention, that developed the <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Schengen Agreement, was signed so as to build an European Union without frontiers. The ratification of the Treaty of Maastricht by the national parliaments was brimmed with difficulties. The symbolic year of 1992 was gloomed by three crisis that braked the pro-Europe impulse brought about by the signing in Maastricht of the TUE on 7 February 1992: <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"> **The difficult ratification of the Treaty of Maastricht** The ratification of the Treaty of Maastricht by the national parliaments was brimmed with difficulties. The symbolic year of 1992 was gloomed by three crisis that braked the pro-Europe impulse brought about by the signing in Maastricht of the TUE on 7 February 1992: <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">[] <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;"> //Folketing////Bundestag////Bundesrat////Bundesländer// <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: right;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: justify;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">the new pillars, the lateral ones, are not based on supranational competences as the previous one, but in the cooperation among the governments: the second pillar is the <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the third one refers to Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">The Treaty of the Union instituted as one of the objectives of the Union the search of social and economic cohesion among the diverse regions and countries of the community. To achieve it, it was agreed that a denominated <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Cohesion Fund, created in 1994, would provide less developed regions and countries with financial aid focused on sectors as environment or transport infrastructures. The member States eligible to receive this aid were those whose GDP per capita was inferior to 90% of the Union average and comply with <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">convergence criteria . The //Cohesion countries// were Spain, the most benefited state, Greece, Portugal and Ireland.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Firstly, Europe went through a serious and deep economic crisis that caused governments and public opinion to focus on economic problems, seting aside the European construction;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Secondly, there were serious monetary tensions that challenged the European Monetary System and the objective of the <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">[|economic and monetary union] (EMU);
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Thirdly, the EU appeared unable to implement a <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">[|common foreign and security policy] in the crisis of Yugoslavia, and kept powerless observing how war came back to our continent after many years of peace.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Firstly, Europe went through a serious and deep economic crisis that caused governments and public opinion to focus on economic problems, seting aside the European construction;
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Secondly, there were serious monetary tensions that challenged the European Monetary System and the objective of the <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">[|economic and monetary union] (EMU);
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">Thirdly, the EU appeared unable to implement a <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 12px;">[|common foreign and security policy] in the crisis of Yugoslavia, and kept powerless observing how war came back to our continent after many years of peace.